A Universal Particle Structure that gives all Particles Their Properties

Abstract: This presentation expands on the work of Williamson and van der Mark [2], that electrons were photons of the appropriate energy making two revolutions per wavelength. It uses only three space dimensions and time, as well as known physical properties and constants. It shows how that structure gives all particles such properties as mass, dimensions, the physical relationship between energy and mass given by E = mc2 and the special relativity corrections with velocity. It introduces a fourth correction. It also shows the physical origins of charge, magnetic moment, spin half-hbar, spin superposition, intrinsic spin hbar, zitterbewegung, the particle’s de Broglie wavelength of particles, and similar, as appropriate [3].

The structure of each of the individual particles, electrons, protons, neutrons, neutrinos and some of the “elementary” particles is discussed. It shows how their structure gives them their properties. Under this model, multiple independent observations indicate an electron neutrino’s rest mass is ≈ 10–4 eV/c2. Other apparently peculiar neutrino properties are explained.

The value of a model of particles includes how their structure and properties enable them to form the larger particles in the world around us. The theory of nuclear binding under this model is presented. It shows how nucleons form into layers of a particular structure. Simple rules enable easy calculation of the structure and some properties of any nucleus of any A and Z. Many nuclear structures are presented to show how it works. The match between theory and observation is good across all atomic and mass numbers. It answers such questions as the cause of the skin effect common to all nuclei, why carbon nuclei are equilateral triangular prism shaped, why 208 Pb, or 209 Bi, are the highest A and Z stable nuclei, and more.

A presentation is given of how electrons form around nuclei. Their structure prevents them from spiralling into a nucleus. Their fixed, or quantized, energy levels are due to the limited number of protons in a nucleus and each inner electron screening out the charge of one proton. A discussion is given on how internal electron properties give rise to electron pairing, the foundation of chemical bonding.

The presentation shows the continuous relationship between quantum mechanics and the structure of elementary particles, with the special relativity corrections, classical mechanics, nuclear physics and chemistry.

[1] V N E Robinson 2021 J. Phys. Commun. 5 035013 – doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/abee2f

[2] JG Williamson and MB van der Mark. “Is the Electron a Photon with Toroidal Topology?” Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, 22, 133.

[3] Vivian Robinson, QC0021, quicycle.com/video/qc0021-vivian-robinson-photons-particles-matter/

mathematical physicsgeneral physicsquantum physics

Audience: researchers in the topic

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QM Foundations & Nature of Time seminar

Series comments: Description: Physics foundations discussion seminar

Current access link in th.if.uj.edu.pl/~dudaj/QMFNoT

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